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Periodic trend

Electronegativity

Pauling scale. How strongly an atom pulls bonding electrons toward itself. Rises to the right and falls down a group, peaking at fluorine.

Electronegativity plotted against atomic numberElectronegativity for 100 of the 118 elements, from 0.79 to 3.98 . Pauling scale. How strongly an atom pulls bonding electrons toward itself. Rises to the right and falls down a group, peaking at fluorine.12345670.791.592.393.183.98 Hydrogen (H): 2.20 Lithium (Li): 0.98 Beryllium (Be): 1.57 Boron (B): 2.04 Carbon (C): 2.55 Nitrogen (N): 3.04 Oxygen (O): 3.44 Fluorine (F): 3.98 Sodium (Na): 0.93 Magnesium (Mg): 1.31 Aluminium (Al): 1.61 Silicon (Si): 1.90 Phosphorus (P): 2.19 Sulfur (S): 2.58 Chlorine (Cl): 3.16 Potassium (K): 0.82 Calcium (Ca): 1.00 Scandium (Sc): 1.36 Titanium (Ti): 1.54 Vanadium (V): 1.63 Chromium (Cr): 1.66 Manganese (Mn): 1.55 Iron (Fe): 1.83 Cobalt (Co): 1.88 Nickel (Ni): 1.91 Copper (Cu): 1.90 Zinc (Zn): 1.65 Gallium (Ga): 1.81 Germanium (Ge): 2.01 Arsenic (As): 2.18 Selenium (Se): 2.55 Bromine (Br): 2.96 Krypton (Kr): 3.00 Rubidium (Rb): 0.82 Strontium (Sr): 0.95 Yttrium (Y): 1.22 Zirconium (Zr): 1.33 Niobium (Nb): 1.60 Molybdenum (Mo): 2.16 Technetium (Tc): 1.90 Ruthenium (Ru): 2.20 Rhodium (Rh): 2.28 Palladium (Pd): 2.20 Silver (Ag): 1.93 Cadmium (Cd): 1.69 Indium (In): 1.78 Tin (Sn): 1.96 Antimony (Sb): 2.05 Tellurium (Te): 2.10 Iodine (I): 2.66 Xenon (Xe): 2.60 Cesium (Cs): 0.79 Barium (Ba): 0.89 Lanthanum (La): 1.10 Cerium (Ce): 1.12 Praseodymium (Pr): 1.13 Neodymium (Nd): 1.14 Promethium (Pm): 1.13 Samarium (Sm): 1.17 Europium (Eu): 1.20 Gadolinium (Gd): 1.20 Terbium (Tb): 1.10 Dysprosium (Dy): 1.22 Holmium (Ho): 1.23 Erbium (Er): 1.24 Thulium (Tm): 1.25 Ytterbium (Yb): 1.10 Lutetium (Lu): 1.27 Hafnium (Hf): 1.30 Tantalum (Ta): 1.50 Tungsten (W): 2.36 Rhenium (Re): 1.90 Osmium (Os): 2.20 Iridium (Ir): 2.20 Platinum (Pt): 2.28 Gold (Au): 2.54 Mercury (Hg): 2.00 Thallium (Tl): 1.62 Lead (Pb): 1.87 Bismuth (Bi): 2.02 Polonium (Po): 2.00 Astatine (At): 2.20 Radon (Rn): 2.20 Francium (Fr): 0.79 Radium (Ra): 0.90 Actinium (Ac): 1.10 Thorium (Th): 1.30 Protactinium (Pa): 1.50 Uranium (U): 1.38 Neptunium (Np): 1.36 Plutonium (Pu): 1.28 Americium (Am): 1.13 Curium (Cm): 1.28 Berkelium (Bk): 1.30 Californium (Cf): 1.30 Einsteinium (Es): 1.30 Fermium (Fm): 1.30 Mendelevium (Md): 1.30 Nobelium (No): 1.30 Lawrencium (Lr): 1.30 Period
100 of 118 elements have a measured value.0.79 – 3.98

Highest

  1. 1F Fluorine3.98
  2. 2O Oxygen3.44
  3. 3Cl Chlorine3.16
  4. 4N Nitrogen3.04
  5. 5Kr Krypton3.00

Lowest

  1. 1Cs Cesium0.79
  2. 2Fr Francium0.79
  3. 3K Potassium0.82
  4. 4Rb Rubidium0.82
  5. 5Ba Barium0.89

18 elements have no measured value for this property, so they are left out of the plot rather than drawn as zero. Almost all of them are synthetic elements that have never existed in weighable quantities.

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